Browsing by Author "Akter, Aklima"

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A Comparative Study on DoS and DDoS Attack
(Daffodil International University, 2022-01) Laboni, Mst. Genius Yesmin; Himu, Humayia Haque; Akter, Aklima
A DoS attack is a denial of service attack, in this attack, a computer sends a massive amount of traffic to a victim’s computer and shuts it down. A Dos attack is an online attack that is used to make the website unavailable for its users when done on a website. This attack makes the server of a website down, which is connected to the internet by sending a large number of traffic to it. In DDoS attack means distributed denial of service in this attack dos attacks are done from many different locations using many systems. During a DDoS attack, multiple systems target a single system with malicious traffic. By using multiple locations to attack the system the attacker can put the system offline more easily. We also prevent by using Know network’s traffic, Organize a DDoS Attack Response Plan, Create a Denial of Service Response Plan, Make your network resilient, Practice good cyber hygiene, Scale-up your bandwidth, Take advantage of anti-DDoS hardware and software, Move to the cloud, Know the symptoms of an attack, Outsource your DDoS protection, Monitor for unusual activity, Perform a Network Vulnerability Assessment, etc.
Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants Used in Bangladesh for Diabetes Mellitus
(Pharmacology online, 2020) Rahman, Md. Mizanur; Roni, Md. Abu Saleh; Al- Erfan, Sujana; Bepary, Sristy; Al–Amin, Md.; Munny, Sammy Sultana; Akter, Aklima; Tanny, Shamia Zaman
The aim of the current research is to analyze the different medicinal plants used for antidiabetic activity. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in the world. It is the fourth leading cause of death in the most developed nations, and in many developing and recently advanced countries it has been found to be a significant disease. In this research report, we're only searching for some possible herbal herbs, anti-diabetic operation in Bangladesh. Knowledge available on traditional anti-diabetic uses of these plants and their pharmacological activities has been obtained from a number of internet sources, such as Pubmed, SciFinder, Elsevier, Springer, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and the Science Site, which have also been used to gather information in addition to these locally accessible papers. This study will help to strengthen the relationship between traditional medicine, pharmacology and the development of drugs. A clue to the discovery of new and improved anti-diabetic drugs can be found from the evidence presented in this study
Bioactive Compounds and Their Derivatives
(Daffodil International University, 2022-04-11) Islam, Fahadul; Khadija, Jannatul Fardous; Rashid, Md. Harun-Or-; Rahaman, Md. Saidur; Nafady, Mohamed H.; Islam, Md. Rezaul; Akter, Aklima; Emran, Talha Bin; Wilairatana, Polrat; Mubarak, Mohammad S.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative brain disorder that causes cellular response alterations, such as impaired cholinergic mechanism, amyloid-beta (Aβ) AD aggregation, neuroinflammation, and several other pathways. AD is still the most prevalent form of dementia and affects many individuals across the globe. The exact cause of the disorder is obscure. There are yet no effective medications for halting, preventing, or curing AD’s progress. Plenty of natural products are isolated from several sources and analyzed in preclinical and clinical settings for neuroprotective effects in preventing and treating AD. In addition, natural products and their derivatives have been promising in treating and preventing AD. Natural bioactive compounds play an active modulatory role in the pathological molecular mechanisms of AD development. This review focuses on natural products from plant sources and their derivatives that have demonstrated neuroprotective activities and maybe promising to treat and prevent AD. In addition, this article summarizes the literature pertaining to natural products as agents in the treatment of AD. Rapid metabolism, nonspecific targeting, low solubility, lack of BBB permeability, and limited bioavailability are shortcomings of most bioactive molecules in treating AD. We can use nanotechnology and nanocarriers based on different types of approaches.
CNS Depressant Activities of Averrhoa carambola Leaves Extract in Thiopental-Sodium Model of Swiss Albino Mice
(Daffodil International University, 2022-02-22) Akter, Aklima; Islam, Fahadul; Bepary, Sristy; . Al‑Amin, Md.; Begh, Md. Zamshed Alam; Islam, Md. Al Fahad Ul; Ashraf, Ghulam Md; Baeesa, Saleh Salem; Ullah, Mohammad Fahad
Psychological stress and anxiety have been linked to significant impairments of neurobiological functions. There is a wide range of conditions including neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and use of certain substances or medications that induce stress and anxiety in humans. Confused state of mind, anxiety and psychological stress have been associated with varying degree of disabilities and poor quality of life in humans. Anxiolytic medications are important modulators of CNS that reduce the anxiety and the related psychological effects in patients. Natural product derived drugs such as galantamine have been shown to possess promising neuro-modulatory properties in neurological disorders. Averrhoa carambola is traditionally used for anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-ulcerative properties. In this study, we have examined the CNS depressant activity of A. carambola leaves extracts. The neuro-modulatory properties were assessed with the standard protocols that are used to identify such CNS depressant activity and included thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test, hole cross test, hole board test, and open field test. The extract was found to decrease the motor activity and exploratory behaviour of mice in hole cross, hole board and open field tests. The extract also significantly maximized the duration of sleeping time when administered with thiopental sodium, which also demonstrated the CNS depressant activity. The findings of our study suggest that A. carambola extracts have active CNS depressant and hypnotic properties. However, further studies are warranted for isolation of bioactive constituents and understanding the molecular mechanism and modes of action for such pharmacological effects.
Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders
(Daffodil International University, 2022-08-22) Rahman, Md. Mominur; Islam, Md. Rezaul; Yamin, Md.; Islam, Md. Mohaimenul; Sarker, Md. Taslim; Meem, Atkia Farzana Khan; Akter, Aklima; Emran, Talha Bin; Cavalu, Simona; Sharma, Rohit
Based on the diverse physiological influence, the impact of glial cells has become much more evident on neurological illnesses, resulting in the origins of many diseases appearing to be more convoluted than previously happened. Since neurological disorders are often random and unknown, hence the construction of animal models is difficult to build, representing a small fraction of people with a gene mutation. As a result, an immediate necessity is grown to work within in vitro techniques for examining these illnesses. As the scientific community recognizes cell-autonomous contributions to a variety of central nervous system illnesses, therapeutic techniques involving stem cells for treating neurological diseases are gaining traction. The use of stem cells derived from a variety of sources is increasingly being used to replace both neuronal and glial tissue. The brain's energy demands necessitate the reliance of neurons on glial cells in order for it to function properly. Furthermore, glial cells have diverse functions in terms of regulating their own metabolic activities, as well as collaborating with neurons via secreted signaling or guidance molecules, forming a complex network of neuron-glial connections in health and sickness. Emerging data reveals that metabolic changes in glial cells can cause morphological and functional changes in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction under disease situations, highlighting the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses. In this context, it is required to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and create potential novel therapeutics. According to research, synaptic malfunction is one of the features of various mental diseases, and glial cells are acting as key ingredients not only in synapse formation, growth, and plasticity but also in neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis which creates critical physiological capacity in the focused sensory system. The goal of this review article is to elaborate state-of-the-art information on a few glial cell types situated in the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their role in the onset and progression of neurological disorders.
Evaluation of the methanolic extract of leaves of persicaria capitata for pharmacological activity
(PharmacologyOnLine, 2018-08-30) Akter, Aklima; Hasan, Md. Mahmudul
The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vivo cytotoxic and analgesic activities of methanol extract of leaves of Persicariacapitata. The cytotoxic bioassay was evaluated using brine shrimp (Artemiasalina Leach) lethality test where the LC50 value for the extract was found to be 12.31 µg/ml where the LC50 value for the standard potassium dichromate was 31.26 µg/ml. The extract showed significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid induced Swiss Albino mice at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight and percentage (%) of inhibition was 58.66% and 62.36% respectively compared to the standard diclofenac at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The overall result obtained from the study suggests the cytotoxic and analgesic properties of leaves of the plant. The effect of both cytotoxic and analgesic of the methanol extract was significant.
Exploring the Journey of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) toward Biomedical Applications
(Daffodil International University, 2022-03-01) Islam, Fahadul; Shohag, Sheikh; Uddin, Md Jalal; Islam, Md Rezaul; Nafady, Mohamed H; Akter, Aklima; Mitra, Saikat; Emran, Talha Bin; Cavalu, Simona
The field of nanotechnology is concerned with the creation and application of materials having a nanoscale spatial dimensioning. Having a considerable surface area to volume ratio, nanoparticles have particularly unique properties. Several chemical and physical strategies have been used to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Still, biological methods using green or natural routes in various underlying substances (e.g., plant extracts, enzymes, and microorganisms) can be more environmentally friendly and cost-effective than chemical and/or physical methods in the long run. ZnO-NPs are now being studied as antibacterial agents in nanoscale and microscale formulations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the prevalent traditional method of generating ZnO-NPs, as well as its harmful side effects, and how it might be addressed utilizing an eco-friendly green approach. The study's primary focus is on the potential biomedical applications of green synthesized ZnO-NPs. Biocompatibility and biomedical qualities have been improved in green-synthesized ZnO-NPs over their traditionally produced counterparts, making them excellent antibacterial and cancer-fighting drugs. Additionally, these ZnO-NPs are beneficial when combined with the healing processes of wounds and biosensing components to trace small portions of biomarkers linked with various disorders. It has also been discovered that ZnO-NPs can distribute and sense drugs. Green-synthesized ZnO-NPs are compared to traditionally synthesized ones in this review, which shows that they have outstanding potential as a potent biological agent, as well as related hazardous properties.
Exploring the practice of learner autonomy in Bangladeshi EFL classrooms: responses of secondary level learners and their teachers
(BRAC University, 8/2/2017) Akter, Aklima; Sultana, Dr. Asifa
This study attempts to explore secondary level learners and teachers’ responses on learner autonomy in Bangladeshi EFL classrooms. It emphasizes on the students’ survey and teachers’ interview on the aspect of learner autonomy. The researcher surveyed 169 student participants and interviewed 18 teacher participants for doing this study. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the secondary level learners of Bangladeshi EFL classrooms practice the characteristics of autonomous learners and whether the teachers want their students to practice it. The study identifies that students of secondary level possess the characteristics of autonomous learners and willing to practice autonomy therefore, there is a high possibility to practice learner autonomy in Bangladeshi EFL classrooms. The research further finds out to what extent, the teachers of secondary level learners cooperate their learners to practice learner autonomy in their classes. This study would also determine some learning techniques and strategies suggested by the teachers which can be used to practice learner autonomy in the Bangladeshi EFL classrooms. Keywords: learner autonomy, autonomous learners, practice, responses
Exploring the Therapeutic Effect of Neurotrophins and Neuropeptides in Neurodegenerative Diseases: at a Glance
(Springer Nature, 2023-04-13) Rahman, Md. Mominur; Islam, Md. Rezaul; Supti, Fatema Akter; Dhar, Puja Sutro; Shohag, Sheikh; Ferdous, Jannatul; Shuvo, Shakil Khan; Akter, Aklima; Hossain, Md. Sarowar; Sharma, Rohit
Neurotrophins and neuropeptides are the essential regulators of peripheral nociceptive nerves that help to induce, sensitize, and maintain pain. Neuropeptide has a neuroprotective impact as it increases trophic support, regulates calcium homeostasis, and reduces excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. In contrast, neurotrophins target neurons afflicted by ischemia, epilepsy, depression, and eating disorders, among other neuropsychiatric conditions. Neurotrophins are reported to inhibit neuronal death. Strategies maintained for “brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) therapies” are to upregulate BDNF levels using the delivery of protein and genes or compounds that target BDNF production and boosting BDNF signals by expanding with BDNF mimetics. This review discusses the mechanisms of neurotrophins and neuropeptides against acute neural damage as well as highlighting neuropeptides as a potential therapeutic agent against Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Machado–Joseph disease (MJD), the signaling pathways affected by neurotrophins and their receptors in both standard and diseased CNS systems, and future perspectives that can lead to the potent application of neurotrophins and neuropeptides in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs).
Investigating Polyphenol Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Targets against Diabetes Mellitus
(Daffodil International University, 2022-06-21) Islam, Fahadul; Khadija, Jannatul Fardous; Islam, Md. Rezaul; Shohag, Sheikh; Mitra, Saikat; Alghamdi, Saad; Babalghith, Ahmad O.; Theyab, Abdulrahman; Rahman, Mohammad Tauhidur; Akter, Aklima; Mamun, Abdullah Al; Alhumaydhi, Fahad A.; Emran, Talha Bin
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a fatal metabolic disorder, and its prevalence has escalated in recent decades to a greater extent. Since the incidence and severity of the disease are constantly increasing, plenty of therapeutic approaches are being considered as a promising solution. Many dietary polyphenols have been reported to be effective against diabetes along with its accompanying vascular consequences by targeting multiple therapeutic targets. Additionally, the biocompatibility of these polyphenols raises questions about their use as pharmacological mediators. Nevertheless, the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical properties of these polyphenols limit their clinical benefit as therapeutics. Pharmaceutical industries have attempted to improve compliance and therapeutic effects. However, nanotechnological approaches to overcome the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical barriers associated with polyphenols as antidiabetic medications have been shown to be effective to improve clinical compliance and efficacy. Therefore, this review highlighted a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of polyphenol nanoformulations in the treatment of diabetes and vascular consequences.
Natural Small Molecules in Breast Cancer Treatment
(Daffodil International University, 2022-03-27) Islam, Md. Rezaul; Islam, Fahadul; Nafady, Mohamed H.; Akter, Muniya; Mitra, Saikat; Urmee, Humaira; Shohag, Sheikh; Akter, Aklima; Chidambaram, Kumarappan; Alhumaydhi, Fahad A.; Emran, Talha Bin; Cavalu, Simona
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the most common malignancy in women and the second most significant cause of death from cancer. BrCa is one of the most challenging malignancies to treat, and it accounts for a large percentage of cancer-related deaths. The number of cases requiring more effective BrCa therapy has increased dramatically. Scientists are looking for more productive agents, such as organic combinations, for BrCa prevention and treatment because most chemotherapeutic agents are linked to cancer metastasis, the resistance of the drugs, and side effects. Natural compounds produced by living organisms promote apoptosis and inhibit metastasis, slowing the spread of cancer. As a result, these compounds may delay the spread of BrCa, enhancing survival rates and reducing the number of deaths caused by BrCa. Several natural compounds inhibit BrCa production while lowering cancer cell proliferation and triggering cell death. Natural compounds, in addition to therapeutic approaches, are efficient and potential agents for treating BrCa. This review highlights the natural compounds demonstrated in various studies to have anticancer properties in BrCa cells. Future research into biological anti-BrCa agents may pave the way for a new era in BrCa treatment, with natural anti-BrCa drugs playing a key role in improving BrCa patient survival rates.
Neuropharmacological and Antidiabetic Potential of Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Leaves Extract
(Daffodil International University, 2022-03-28) Islam, Fahadul; Mitra, Saikat; Nafady, Mohamed H.; Rahman, Mohammad Tauhidur; Tirth, Vineet; Akter, Aklima; Emran, Talha Bin; Mohamed, Amany Abdel-Rahman; Algahtani, Ali; El-Kholy, Sanad S.
The present study examines the neuropharmacological and antidiabetic properties of methanol leaves extract of Lannea coromandelica in animal models. This study is carried out by elevated plus-maze apparatus, motor coordination, thiopental sodium has an induction role in sleeping time, hole board, hole cross, open field, antidiabetic studies. Mice were treated doses of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg body weight in elevated plus-maze apparatus and motor coordination; 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in sleeping time, hole cross, hole board, and open field tests; and 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight in the antidiabetic activity test. Extraction specifies a significantly decreased time duration and sleeping time in a thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test. The experimental extract decreased locomotor and exploratory behaviors of mice in the open-field and hole-cross tests compared to the effects of the control. Furthermore, the extract increased sleeping time with a dose-dependent onset of action. The hole-board test extract also demonstrated a reduced number of head dips. The findings showed that L. coromandelica has potential neuropharmacological effects. In addition, in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, leaves extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight revealed significant antidiabetic properties and could be used to manage blood glucose levels with more research.
Pharmacological Evaluation of the Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Averrhoa Carambola
(Daffodil International University, 2019-07-17) Akter, Aklima; Rahman, Md. Mominur; Islam, Fahadul
The aim of the study was to screen different chemical groups in aqueous extract of the leaves of Averrhoa carambola and evaluate the pharmacological activities. The plant was reported earlier to contain anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. The present study was conducted in vivo to evaluate the analgesic and anti-diarrheal activity of the aqueous extracts of leaves. Phytochemical screening of the sample indicated the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, and alkaloids. When tested for its analgesic effects on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, the extract produced significant analgesia at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight and percentage (%) of inhibition was 32.8% and 36.9% respectively which was compared with the standard diclofenac at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. In the evaluation for its anti-diarrheal effects on castor oil induced defecation in mice, the extract producesantidiarrheal effects at dose 250 mg/kg body weight and percentage (%) of activity was 62.5% compared to the standard immotile at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The overall result obtained from the study suggests the analgesic and anti-diarrheal properties of leaves of the plant. ti-diarrhear the standard Entage (%) ofi.
Pharmacological Potential of Avicennia alba Leaf Extract
(Daffodil International University, 2022-05-06) Mitra, Saikat; Islam, Fahadul; Das, Rajib; Urmee, Humaira; Akter, Aklima; Idris, Abubakr M.; Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin; Almikhlafi, Mohannad A.; Sharma, Rohit; Emran, Talha Bin
Avicennia alba is a mangrove plant that is extensively used to treat severe health issues. This focus of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal activities of methanolic extract of A. alba leaves in Swiss albino mouse model. The antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal activities of the leaf extract were performed using alloxan-monohydrate, carrageenan-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot plate method, and castor oil-induced method, respectively. The extract was used at doses ranging from 200 to 500 mg/kg to conduct the investigation. Leaf extract at 400 and 500 mg/kg showed potent antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Advanced research is needed to control blood glucose levels and carrageenan paw edema-based anti-inflammatory effects. Both tests showed statistically significant result in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum dose (500 mg/kg) demonstrated potent analgesic activity in both writhing test and hot plate method. The plant extract also showed significant antidiarrheal activity at 400 and 500 mg/kg in experimental mice. However, more research is needed to explore the possible mechanisms and isolate the compounds associated with these bioactivities from the leaf extract of A. alba.
Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Studies of Methanol Extract of Polyalthia Suberosa Roxb
(Pharmacologyonline, 2019-04-30) Afroz, Tahmina; Hasan, Md. Imran; Kafi, Md. Abdul Lahil; Azad, A.K; Rahman, Md. Mominur; Akter, Aklima; Rahman, Md. Mizanur
The aim of the study was to find out the phytochemical evaluation, antioxidant, cytotoxic and thrombolytic activity from the leaves of the methanolic extract of the plant of Polyalthia suberosa Roxb. Phytochemical analysis of Polyalthia suberosa Roxb displayed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannin types of compounds. The anti-oxidative effect was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging activity method. The methanolic extract of Polyalthia suberosa Roxb. leaves is found to have antioxidant activity that will be the IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid for DPPH was 1.85 µg/ml and methanol extract of Polyalthia suberosa Roxb was 8.48 µg /ml. The methanol crude extract of Polyalthia suberosa shows moderate cytotoxic activity against the brine shrimp nauplii. The LC50 value of methanol extract was 0.3119 mg/mL compared with the LC50 value of standard (0.0171 mg/mL). Addition of 100 μl SK, a positive control (30,000 IU), to the clots and subsequent incubation for 90 minutes at 37 °C, showed 88.49% lysis of clot. On the other hand, distilled water was treated as negative control which exhibited a negligible percentage of lysis of clot 10.44%. The results indicated that the extract has moderate antioxidant, cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities.
Quality Analysis of Different Marketed Brands of Carbamazepine Available in Bangladesh
(Pharmacologyonline, 2019-08-30) Akter, Aklima; Begh, Md. Zamshed Alam; Parvez, Anwar; Islam, Fahadul
Carbamazepine is the medication commonly used in the treatment, and control of epilepsy,seizures, and neuropathic pain. As an anticonvulsant it is frequently used to treat seizures and neurological pain including diabetic neuropath, and a chronic pain condition that invades the trigeminal nerve known as trigeminal neuralgia. Bipolar disorder can also be treated by this medicine. The main objectives of this present study were to evaluate the quality of three commercial brands of Carbamazepine tablet formulation manufactured by different multinational and national companies in Bangladesh. To evaluate their quality using standard methods all the brands were tested for various parameters including weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution profile and finally the results were compared with the standards. It was observed that all of the brands meet the USP specification in weight variation test. All the brands passed the friability test according to USP (United State of Pharmacopeia) specification, and the products from multinational companies showed comparatively higher values. Tablets from every brand completely disintegrated within 15 minutes and thus complied with the USP specification. Besides, the release rate of different brands of carbamazepine was satisfactory within 45 minutes and ranged from 83.44% to 94.5%. Therefore, it can be concluded that almost all the brands of carbamazepine that are available in Bangladesh meet the USP specification for quality control analysis.
Resveratrol and Neuroprotection
(Daffodil International University, 2022-05-12) Islam, Fahadul; Nafady, Mohamed H.; Islam, Md. Rezaul; Saha, Susmita; Rashid, Salma; Akter, Aklima; Rashid, Md. Harun‑ Or‑; Akhtar, Muhammad Furqan; Perveen, Asma; Ashraf, Ghulam Md.; Rahman, Md. Habibur; Sweilam, Sherouk Hussein
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and cognitive impairment; yet, there is currently no treatment. A buildup of Aβ, tau protein phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and inflammation in AD is pathogenic. The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in these neurocognitive areas is a significant characteristic of the disease. Therefore, inhibiting Aβ peptide aggregation has been proposed as the critical therapeutic approach for AD treatment. Resveratrol has been demonstrated in multiple studies to have a neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristic and the ability to minimize Aβ peptides aggregation and toxicity in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s patients, stimulating neurogenesis and inhibiting hippocampal degeneration. Furthermore, resveratrol’s antioxidant effect promotes neuronal development by activating the silent information regulator-1 (SIRT1), which can protect against the detrimental effects of oxidative stress. Resveratrol-induced SIRT1 activation is becoming more crucial in developing novel therapeutic options for AD and other diseases that have neurodegenerative characteristics. This review highlighted a better knowledge of resveratrol’s mechanism of action and its promising therapeutic efficacy in treating AD. We also highlighted
Translation in L2 learning: beliefs and strategy use on writing skills of junior secondary level learners
(BRAC University, 2019-04) Akter, Aklima; Sanjana, Lubaba
Translation has a noteworthy historical background towards second language learning but to some extent, several researchers demonstrate that it only draws to shortsighted balanced connection between the local and second language learners. Despite these mentioned drawbacks, this study will investigate the secondary level learners’ beliefs about the use of translation for enhancing their writing skills. Furthermore, this research presents the outcome of a survey which is centered on learners’ thoughts, strategy use and responses regarding a translation task. There are 15 secondary level learners participants whose data has been collected for doing this research. Many researchers worked on the use of translation in second language learning and most of them concentrated on the learners' errors in translation and their ability in translating certain structures, but very little ones were on the importance of translation in teaching English. Finally, it has been found in this study that although use of translation and strategies involving translation to learn a foreign or second language but there is a difference between this impact on learners’ from different medium of instructions.
Understanding the Omicron Variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutational Impacts, Concerns, and the Possible Solutions
(Daffodil International University, 2022-05-20) Islam, Fahadul; Dhawan, Manish; Nafady, Mohamed H.; Emran, Talha Bin; Mitra, Saikat; Choudhary, Om Prakash; Akter, Aklima
Despite many nations' best efforts to contain the so-called COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (B.1.1.529) has been identified as a serious concern. After more than two years of COVID-19 pandemic and more than a year of worldwide vaccination efforts, the globe will not be free of COVID-19 variants such as Delta and Omicron variants. According to current statistics, the Omicron variant has more than 30 mutations when contrasted to other VOCs such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2). High numbers of changes, particularly in the spike protein (S-Protein), raise worries about the virus's capacity to resist pre-existing immunity acquired by vaccination or spontaneous infection and antibody-based therapy. The Omicron variant raised international concerns, resuming travel bans and coming up with many questions about its severity, transmissibility, testing, detection, and vaccines efficiency against it. Additionally, inadequate health care infrastructures and many immunocompromised individuals increase the infection susceptibility. The current status of low vaccination rates will play a significant role in omicron spreading and create a fertile ground for producing new variants. As a result, this article emphasizes the mutational changes and their consequences. In addition, the potential preventing measures have been examined in detail.