Browsing by Author "Ahmed, Tahmeed J."

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Coping strategies related to food insecurity at the household level in Bangladesh
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2017-04) Dil Farzana, Fahmida; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Sultana, Sabiha; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Waid, Jillian L.; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Introduction: In connection to food insecurity, adaptation of new techniques or alteration of regular behavior is executed that translates to coping strategies. This paper has used data from food security and nutrition surveillance project (FSNSP), which collects information from a nationally representative sample in Bangladesh on coping behaviors associated with household food insecurity. To complement the current understanding of different coping strategies implemented by the Bangladeshi households, the objective of this paper has been set to examine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the food insecure households which define their propensity towards adaptation of different types of coping strategies. Methodology: FSNSP follows a repeated cross-sectional survey design. Information of 23,374 food insecure households available from February 2011 to November 2013 was selected for the analyses. Coping strategies were categorized as financial, food compromised and both. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to draw inference. Results: Majority of the households were significantly more inclined to adopt both multiple financial and food compromisation coping strategies. Post-aman season, educational status of the household head and household women, occupation of the household's main earner, household income, food insecurity status, asset, size and possession of agricultural land were found to be independently and significantly associated with adaptation of both financial and food compromisation coping strategies relative to only financial coping strategies. The relative risk ratio of adopting food compromisation coping relative to financial coping strategies when compared to mildly food insecure households, was 4.54 times higher for households with moderate food insecurity but 0.3 times lower when the households were severely food insecure. Whereas, households were 8.04 times and 4.98 times more likely to adopt both food compromisation and financial relative to only financial coping strategies if moderately and severely food insecure respectively when compared to being mildly food insecure. Conclusion: Households suffering from moderate and severe food insecurity, are more likely to adopt both financial and food compromisation coping strategies.
Coping strategies related to food insecurity at the household level in Bangladesh
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2017-04) Dil Farzana, Fahmida; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Sultana, Sabiha; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Waid, Jillian L.; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Introduction: In connection to food insecurity, adaptation of new techniques or alteration of regular behavior is executed that translates to coping strategies. This paper has used data from food security and nutrition surveillance project (FSNSP), which collects information from a nationally representative sample in Bangladesh on coping behaviors associated with household food insecurity. To complement the current understanding of different coping strategies implemented by the Bangladeshi households, the objective of this paper has been set to examine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the food insecure households which define their propensity towards adaptation of different types of coping strategies. Methodology: FSNSP follows a repeated cross-sectional survey design. Information of 23,374 food insecure households available from February 2011 to November 2013 was selected for the analyses. Coping strategies were categorized as financial, food compromised and both. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to draw inference. Results: Majority of the households were significantly more inclined to adopt both multiple financial and food compromisation coping strategies. Post-aman season, educational status of the household head and household women, occupation of the household's main earner, household income, food insecurity status, asset, size and possession of agricultural land were found to be independently and significantly associated with adaptation of both financial and food compromisation coping strategies relative to only financial coping strategies. The relative risk ratio of adopting food compromisation coping relative to financial coping strategies when compared to mildly food insecure households, was 4.54 times higher for households with moderate food insecurity but 0.3 times lower when the households were severely food insecure. Whereas, households were 8.04 times and 4.98 times more likely to adopt both food compromisation and financial relative to only financial coping strategies if moderately and severely food insecure respectively when compared to being mildly food insecure. Conclusion: Households suffering from moderate and severe food insecurity, are more likely to adopt both financial and food compromisation coping strategies.
Determinants of age-specific undernutrition in children aged less than 2 years—the Bangladesh context
(© 2017 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2017-07) Choudhury, Nuzhat; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Sultana, Sabiha; Mahmud, Zeba; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; Chowdhury, Atique Mushtaque Raza; Black, Robert E.E.; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Globally, undernutrition affects nearly half of all children aged less than 5 years. It is more prominent in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the age-specific risk factors for different categories of undernutrition among Bangladeshi children aged less than 2 years. Data of 10,291 children aged less than 2 years were collected between October 2011 to November 2013 through the Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Project in Bangladesh. Simple logistic regression established bivariate relationships between the categories of undernutrition and the relevant risk factors. Multiple logistic regression constructed the age-specific regression models depicting the independent association and effect size of the risk factors contributing to the various categories of undernutrition among study population. Stunting was prevalent among 30.9% of the study children, whereas 9.7% were wasted and 24.9% were underweight. Being a male child, increase in age, maternal body mass index and education, and household food insecurity were the strongest predictors for all categories of undernutrition in terms of effect size. Our study shows that the different categories of childhood undernutrition have different age-specific risk factors. Maternal body mass index and household food insecurity were the common age-specific risk factors for all categories of undernutrition. We expect our findings to enhance the existing evidence base for the risk factors of undernutrition among children aged less than 2 years.
Determinants of age-specific undernutrition in children aged less than 2 years—the Bangladesh context
(© 2017 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2017-07) Choudhury, Nuzhat; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Sultana, Sabiha; Mahmud, Zeba; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; Chowdhury, Atique Mushtaque Raza; Black, Robert E.E.; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Globally, undernutrition affects nearly half of all children aged less than 5 years. It is more prominent in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the age-specific risk factors for different categories of undernutrition among Bangladeshi children aged less than 2 years. Data of 10,291 children aged less than 2 years were collected between October 2011 to November 2013 through the Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Project in Bangladesh. Simple logistic regression established bivariate relationships between the categories of undernutrition and the relevant risk factors. Multiple logistic regression constructed the age-specific regression models depicting the independent association and effect size of the risk factors contributing to the various categories of undernutrition among study population. Stunting was prevalent among 30.9% of the study children, whereas 9.7% were wasted and 24.9% were underweight. Being a male child, increase in age, maternal body mass index and education, and household food insecurity were the strongest predictors for all categories of undernutrition in terms of effect size. Our study shows that the different categories of childhood undernutrition have different age-specific risk factors. Maternal body mass index and household food insecurity were the common age-specific risk factors for all categories of undernutrition. We expect our findings to enhance the existing evidence base for the risk factors of undernutrition among children aged less than 2 years.
Examining the relationship between socioeconomic status, WASH practices and wasting
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2017-03) Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Sultana, Sabiha; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; McCormick, Benjamin Joseph James; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Childhood wasting is a global problem and is significantly more pronounced in low and middle income countries like Bangladesh. Socio Economic Status (SES) and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices may be significantly associated with wasting. Most previous research is consistent about the role of SES, but the significance of WASH in the context of wasting remains ambiguous. The effect of SES and WASH on weight for length (WHZ) is examined using a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to explicitly describe the direct and indirect role of WASH in the context of SES.A nationally representative survey of 10,478 Bangladeshi children under 5 were examined. An expert defined SEM was used to construct latent variables for SES and WASH. The SEM included a direct pathway from SES to WHZ and an indirect pathway from SES to WHZ via WASH along with regression of relevant covariates on the outcome WHZ and the latent variables. Both SES (p<0.01) and WASH (p<0.05) significantly affect WHZ. SES (p<0.01) also significantly affects WASH. Other structural components showed that child's age (p<0.01) affects WHZ and types of residence (p<0.01) affects SES. WASH practices at least partially mediate the association between SES and wasting status. WASH and SES are both significantly associated with WHZ.
Examining the relationship between socioeconomic status, WASH practices and wasting
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2017-03) Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Sultana, Sabiha; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; McCormick, Benjamin Joseph James; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Childhood wasting is a global problem and is significantly more pronounced in low and middle income countries like Bangladesh. Socio Economic Status (SES) and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices may be significantly associated with wasting. Most previous research is consistent about the role of SES, but the significance of WASH in the context of wasting remains ambiguous. The effect of SES and WASH on weight for length (WHZ) is examined using a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to explicitly describe the direct and indirect role of WASH in the context of SES.A nationally representative survey of 10,478 Bangladeshi children under 5 were examined. An expert defined SEM was used to construct latent variables for SES and WASH. The SEM included a direct pathway from SES to WHZ and an indirect pathway from SES to WHZ via WASH along with regression of relevant covariates on the outcome WHZ and the latent variables. Both SES (p<0.01) and WASH (p<0.05) significantly affect WHZ. SES (p<0.01) also significantly affects WASH. Other structural components showed that child's age (p<0.01) affects WHZ and types of residence (p<0.01) affects SES. WASH practices at least partially mediate the association between SES and wasting status. WASH and SES are both significantly associated with WHZ.
Undernutrition, vitamin A and iron deficiency are associated with impaired intestinal mucosal permeability in young Bangladeshi children assessed by lactulose/mannitol test
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2016-12) Hossain, Md Iqbal; Haque, Rashidul; Mondal, Dinesh; Mahfuz, Mustafa; Ahmed, Am Shamsir; Islam, Mohammad Munirul; Guerrant, Richard Littleton; Petri, William Arthur; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Background: Lactulose/mannitol (L:M) test has been used as a non-invasive marker of intestinal mucosal-integrity and -permeability (enteropathy). We investigated the association of enteropathy with anthropometrics, micronutrient-status, and morbidity in children. Methods: The urine and blood samples were collected from 925 children aged 6±24 months residing in Mirpur slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh during November 2009 to April 2013. L:M test and micronutrient status were assessed in the laboratory of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) following standard procedure. Results: Mean±SD age of the children was 13.2±5.2 months and 47.8% were female. Urinary-lactulose recovery was 0.264±0.236, mannitol recovery was 3.423±3.952, and L:M was 0.109 ±0.158. An overall negative correlation (Spearman's-rho) of L:M was found with age (rs = -0.087; p = 0.004), weight-for-age (rs = -0.077; p = 0.010), weight-for-length (rs = -0.060; p = 0.034), mid-upper-arm-circumference (rs = -0.098; p = 0.001) and plasma-retinol (rs = -0.105; p = 0.002); and a positive correlation with plasma α-1-acid glycoprotein (rs = 0.066; p = 0.027). However, most of the correlations were not very strong. Approximately 44% of children had enteropathy as reflected by L:M of ≥0.09. Logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age (infancy) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.35; p = 0.027), diarrhea (AOR = 4.00; p = 0.039) or fever (AOR = 2.18; p = 0.003) within previous three days of L:M test were the risk factors of enteropathy (L:M of ≥0.09). Conclusions: Enteropathy (high L:M) is associated with younger age, undernutrition, low vitamin A and iron status, and infection particularly diarrhea and fever.
Undernutrition, vitamin A and iron deficiency are associated with impaired intestinal mucosal permeability in young Bangladeshi children assessed by lactulose/mannitol test
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2016-12) Hossain, Md Iqbal; Haque, Rashidul; Mondal, Dinesh; Mahfuz, Mustafa; Ahmed, Am Shamsir; Islam, Mohammad Munirul; Guerrant, Richard Littleton; Petri, William Arthur; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Background: Lactulose/mannitol (L:M) test has been used as a non-invasive marker of intestinal mucosal-integrity and -permeability (enteropathy). We investigated the association of enteropathy with anthropometrics, micronutrient-status, and morbidity in children. Methods: The urine and blood samples were collected from 925 children aged 6±24 months residing in Mirpur slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh during November 2009 to April 2013. L:M test and micronutrient status were assessed in the laboratory of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) following standard procedure. Results: Mean±SD age of the children was 13.2±5.2 months and 47.8% were female. Urinary-lactulose recovery was 0.264±0.236, mannitol recovery was 3.423±3.952, and L:M was 0.109 ±0.158. An overall negative correlation (Spearman's-rho) of L:M was found with age (rs = -0.087; p = 0.004), weight-for-age (rs = -0.077; p = 0.010), weight-for-length (rs = -0.060; p = 0.034), mid-upper-arm-circumference (rs = -0.098; p = 0.001) and plasma-retinol (rs = -0.105; p = 0.002); and a positive correlation with plasma α-1-acid glycoprotein (rs = 0.066; p = 0.027). However, most of the correlations were not very strong. Approximately 44% of children had enteropathy as reflected by L:M of ≥0.09. Logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age (infancy) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.35; p = 0.027), diarrhea (AOR = 4.00; p = 0.039) or fever (AOR = 2.18; p = 0.003) within previous three days of L:M test were the risk factors of enteropathy (L:M of ≥0.09). Conclusions: Enteropathy (high L:M) is associated with younger age, undernutrition, low vitamin A and iron status, and infection particularly diarrhea and fever.
Undernutrition, vitamin A and iron deficiency are associated with impaired intestinal mucosal permeability in young Bangladeshi children assessed by lactulose/mannitol test
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2016-12) Hossain, Md Iqbal; Haque, Rashidul; Mondal, Dinesh; Mahfuz, Mustafa; Ahmed, Am Shamsir; Islam, Mohammad Munirul; Guerrant, Richard Littleton; Petri, William Arthur; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Background: Lactulose/mannitol (L:M) test has been used as a non-invasive marker of intestinal mucosal-integrity and -permeability (enteropathy). We investigated the association of enteropathy with anthropometrics, micronutrient-status, and morbidity in children. Methods: The urine and blood samples were collected from 925 children aged 6±24 months residing in Mirpur slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh during November 2009 to April 2013. L:M test and micronutrient status were assessed in the laboratory of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) following standard procedure. Results: Mean±SD age of the children was 13.2±5.2 months and 47.8% were female. Urinary-lactulose recovery was 0.264±0.236, mannitol recovery was 3.423±3.952, and L:M was 0.109 ±0.158. An overall negative correlation (Spearman's-rho) of L:M was found with age (rs = -0.087; p = 0.004), weight-for-age (rs = -0.077; p = 0.010), weight-for-length (rs = -0.060; p = 0.034), mid-upper-arm-circumference (rs = -0.098; p = 0.001) and plasma-retinol (rs = -0.105; p = 0.002); and a positive correlation with plasma α-1-acid glycoprotein (rs = 0.066; p = 0.027). However, most of the correlations were not very strong. Approximately 44% of children had enteropathy as reflected by L:M of ≥0.09. Logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age (infancy) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.35; p = 0.027), diarrhea (AOR = 4.00; p = 0.039) or fever (AOR = 2.18; p = 0.003) within previous three days of L:M test were the risk factors of enteropathy (L:M of ≥0.09). Conclusions: Enteropathy (high L:M) is associated with younger age, undernutrition, low vitamin A and iron status, and infection particularly diarrhea and fever.